Ricky Carmichael Essays - Dirt Biking, Ricky Carmichael,

Motocross/Supercross Career History Carmichael started riding at age 6 with Elliot Griffiths and Alex Hughes on their veteran Suzuki's and hustled the beginner motocross circuit during his youth. He grew up with a quick youthful rider named Vinny Gallo, who was said to have given Ricky his serious edge. He rehearsed each day on his family's own private track and in the long run began a profession in the beginner positions. As a Kawasaki/Team Green rider, Carmichael set precedents for novice titles on minicycles and huge bicycles. In the last race of the 1996 AMA season at Steel City Raceway, Carmichael, Griffiths and Hughes made there genius debut for Team SplitFire/Pro Circuit. 125cc Career (AMA Lites class) At his first genius race, Carmichael completed eighth by and large in the 125cc class, while Alex Hughes and Elliot Griffiths proceeded to guarantee a first and runner up get done with riding for werx veterin suzuki group (renamed Lites in 2006 as a major aspect of the AMA's new class assignment; SX2 and MX2 are substitute class assignment terms utilized by the FIM) which was sufficient to procure him Rookie of the year praises. From 1997 to 1999, he won the 125cc National Motocross Championship. He additionally caught the 125cc East Supercross title in 1998, winning each and every race. Carmichael once held the record of most 125 class wins with 26 triumphs, until he was outperformed by James Stewart in 2004. 250cc/450cc Career (AMA Supercross/Motocross class) In 1999, his new kid on the block season in the 250cc supercross class, was not exactly heavenly and brought about a few accidents and a physical issue from the get-go in the season. Supercross is a cycle hustling sport including Racing specific superior rough terrain Motorcycles on a misleadingly made soil tracks comprising of steep bounces Ricky at last caught his first 250cc triumph in 2000 at Daytona International Speedway. Daytona International Speedway is a Superspeedway in Daytona Beach, Florida. He was substantially more effective during the 250cc outside nationals and won 9 of 12 races, catching the 250cc national title in his first endeavor. The 2001 supercross arrangement saw Ricky oust Jeremy McGrath as supercross champion. Jeremy McGrath (conceived November 19, 1971, San Francisco, California) is a Supercross racer and has won a record of 72 250cc Main Event McGrath won 2 of the initial 3 races over Carmichael, be that as it may, after McGrath's keep going win, Ricky proceeded to win 13 races in succession. He won a record-tying 14 out of 16 races and the general title. Ricky additionally won the 250 National Championship that mid year winning 7 of the 11 races he contended (in the wake of securing the nuts offf a pony 250cc title at Round 11, he came back to the 125cc class at Round 12 to help colleague Mike Brown catch the 125cc title). For the 2002 season, Carmichael changed groups from Kawasaki to Honda. ( is a worldwide enterprise situated in Japan. It has central station in both Ch-ku, Kobe and Minato Tokyo. () is a Multinational company, motor Manufacturer and designing organization headquartered in Japan. This was a disagreeable move with numerous fans who thought the switch was spurred by cash. In any case, Ricky later expressed Team Kawasaki never proposed an agreement to him, and he was left with no other proposal than to pick Team Honda. After a harsh beginning to the 2002 supercross season, which saw him break his hand and endure a blackout in a horrendous accident, Ricky came back to his triumphant ways and prevailed upon 11 races and the title David Vuillemin. David Vuillemin is a French proficient Motocross rider conceived on October 18, 1977 in Berre-l'?tang, France, close to Marseille That late spring, Ricky won each moto of the 2002 250cc National Championship and recorded the principal ever ideal s eason in motocross history. An ideal season is any games season including the season finisher segment of a season in which a group stays undefeated and loosened Carmichael won his third 250cc supercross title in 2003, despite the fact that by an a lot littler edge than his previous two. He won 7 races and the title by a negligible 7 focuses over Chad Reed. Chad Reed (conceived in 1982 in Kurri, Australia) is an Australian Supercross champion winning the U Reed had 8 successes. Ricky again overwhelmed the open air nationals that late spring and won 9

Love from the Inside Free Essays

Shakespearean piece 130 â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are not at all like the sun;† is a work composed for the basic man. It is written in such a shortsighted way, that anybody can comprehend the thought Shakespeare is attempting to pass on. Regardless of its basic external appearance, piece ass’s inside systems are utilized consummately to additionally represent Shakespearean point. We will compose a custom exposition test on Love from the Inside or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now By utilizing the conventional configuration of a Shakespearean piece, concentrating on the renaissances’ well known subject of adoration, and immersing this perfect, Shakespeare authorizes the topic outward appearances are irrelevant in all parts of his work. Poem 130 is handily recognized as a Shakespearean piece since it contains the entirety of the urgent parts of one. It has 14 lines masterminded in three quatrains and a couplet, an ABA CDC expense egg rhyme conspire written in poetic pattern, just as numerous instances of sound similarity and likenesses. The first line’s likeness, â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are not at all like the sun;† (line 1) sets the entire state of mind of the piece by saying something the peruser is unquestionably not hoping to hear. This isn’t the main analogy utilized. In spite of the fact that this is the main line that has a â€Å"like† in it, there are different analogies utilized all through the piece where â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† are suggested. â€Å"Coral is unquestionably more red than her lips’ red,† (line 2) is Just one case of this. â€Å"l have seen roses damasks, red and white/But no such roses see I in her cheeks,† (Lines 5-6) is the main similitude in the work, each other correlation is an inferred comparison. A large number of these comparisons additionally contained instances of sound similarity. â€Å"Nothing like the sun,† (Line 1) is a straightforward case of this. This work is organized precisely how you would anticipate that it should be, anyway the subject is tended to in such a whimsical way, that it will perplex you. Because the entirety of the numbers look directly on paper doesn't imply that the piece is Just similar to some other poem written in this arrangement. It might have a similar configuration with all of Shakespearean different works, yet the manner in which it is composed is very not the same as every one of them. It is mocking not genuine. In the renaissance numerous creators and writers started to fixate on affection. They saw it as this ideal thing. Such huge numbers of thoughts and assessments about adoration were tossed out as plays, sonnets, melodies, stories, and so on , that it turned into an unachievable dream because of the elevated requirements of the darlings. Genuine affection was between two immaculate individuals, who looked and went about in that capacity. It was not between two average citizens who were defective in their appearance and height. Shakespeare centers around adoration in this poem Just as much as those journalists and artists did in theirs; the thing that matters is that Shakespeare plays on their ideal standards to make a satiric depiction of genuine romance. He says something contrary to what he realizes his peruser hopes to hear in the great love sonnet. Rather than long delicious secures falling her back, â€Å"black wires develop on her head† (line 4). His fancy woman didn’t drift over the ground like a goddess. She rather â€Å"treads on the ground† (line 12). Shakespeare doesn’t puff up the thought of adoration like such huge numbers of his partners do. He spreads reality out directly before the peruser. The picture of adoration he places in the reader’s mind isn't one of magnificence. Actually, Shakespeare tested the says of the normal Renaissance love author in this work by making a point by point picture of an extremely ugly lady. A snappy look at the sonnet may make you decipher it as exceptionally cruel and debasing, yet when you study it all the more intently you tint that it is in reality very closest and genuine. Potato the darling in this sonnet continues endlessly for 12 lines about how revolting his fancy woman is, he summarizes the genuine significance of his tirade in the last couplet, â€Å"And yet, by, paradise, I think my affection as uncommon/As any she gave a false representation of with bogus analyze. Lines 13-14) In two lines he summed up genuine romance. Everybody feels that the individual they love is most â€Å"rare† regardless of how wiry their hair may be or how unhorse their cheeks are. There is a lot more to adore than basically looking like it outwardly, you need to feel it within. Shakespeare recorded it in this work to show eve rybody that adoration isn't this elevated desire that simply the most elite can accomplish, it is a feeling shared by everybody regardless of what you resemble, or from what social status you originate from. There is a great deal to be educated room this work. Not exclusively do the words express a topic of cherishing inward magnificence, however the configuration it is written in underpins this exercise completely. Love in the Renaissance is investigated in a novel way and prompts an ethical that we can legitimately apply to our lives. Love is certifiably not an outside idea to a great many people, understanding that the significant part is within is the main route for anybody to grasp love completely. By concentrating how the structure and arrangement of the work bolster Shakespearean thought that outward appearances are immaterial, we can figure out how to grasp love completely. Step by step instructions to refer to Love from the Inside, Papers

Early Action Timelines - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Early Action Timelines - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Early Action Timelines As we have just posted on our Status Check page, we plan on releasing Early Action decisions on Dec. 11 in the early-evening/late-afternoon time period (unless some random act of nature strikes!). As such, you do not need to pull up the status check every day next week, hoping and praying that it will show up early, as it will not. In fact, we have to shut the Status Check down, starting today, so we can move forward with the EA decisions for Dec. 11. I will publish a new post next week about the EA decisions and how you should react, but for now, just be patient for one more week. I also plan on posting the stats for the EA applicants that we send out in a press release every year, just so you know what the group looks like. Remember, overall decisions for Early Action applicants are not easier or harder than for Regular Decision applicants. The only difference is time lines and when you hear, and many times (deferred EA students), these two factors still end up being the same. As I have said before, though, admission decisions that are made in December are more competitive (as seen by the strength of the deferred group), but the overall or final decisions are equal. In other words, an EA deferred applicant is treated the same (no better, no worse) that an RD applicant, and a number of RD applicants are admitted in February based upon meeting EA criteria. So EA and RD are truly treated the same, just with different time lines (and for those EA admits, I know you love not having to do part II). I would suggest reviewing one of my earlier EA posts, and then looking at my posts next week, so you can feel comfortable with how the admissions process works at UGA. Have a great weekend and be patient, as the EA release date is almost here!

Application Of Evidence Based Practice - 1689 Words

Introduction Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is the process nurses use to conduct research and find recent and credible evidence to support best practice (McCutcheon, 2009). The process of EBP will be applied to the case study about a nurse who did not use EBP in her nursing process. This is important because providing EBP is a core philosophy in the ANMC competency standards for the registered nurse (The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2016). The report will on build assignment one where a problem was identified and an answerable question was created and apply the remaining steps in the EBP process. These steps include locating the best evidence to answer the question, appraising it, and provide a summary of best practice (Johnson, 2008). Problem and answerable question In the case study about Emily the identified problem was that she changed her clinical practice based on the opinion of a colleague. Therefore, Emily had no valid evidence that her method was safe, as she had not used the EBP process. Furthermore, her decision had the potential to put her clients at risk. In clarification of the comments offered in assignment one, the problem that is the focus of the case study is that Emily did not use EBP and not that she did not follow hospital policy. Assignment one created an answerable question based on this problem. The question, can mentoring between graduate nurses and senior nurses improve the use of EBP in graduate nurses, aimed to research a method ofShow MoreRelatedThe Application Of Evidence Based Practice1388 Words   |  6 Pages The application of Evidence Based Practice (EBP) requires doctors, nurses and other healthcare staff to be proficient in conducting quality research of peer reviewed academic literature (Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice, 2016). This process enables them to obtain appropriate and relevant evidence to support medical decisions. For example, to support the medical management of preterm births within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community (â€Å"Health of Australia s Aboriginal Peoples†Read MoreApplication Of Nursing Theory For Evidence Based Practice Essay1083 Words   |  5 PagesApplication of Nursing Theory to Evidence-Based Practice Emergency department (ED) over-crowding is an ever growing issue. Although the reasons for ED overcrowding are complex and caused by many different types of issues, a potential solution can be the application of the nursing theory, Health Promotion, for parents and caregivers of children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). The purpose of this paper is to apply the Health Promotion Model (HPM), by Nola Pender, to assist nurses to understandRead MoreEvidence-Based Decision Making800 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluate evidence-based decision making to create new practices, 6, the description of evaluated evidence-based decision making to create new practices suggest that information can be gathered from other sources, such as questionnaires, can be utilized to create new practices. Qualitative Data Collection – This assignment discussed how adult learners need to make a correlation between previous learning experiences with new learning experiences to be confident in their learning. This can be accomplishedRead MoreVision for the Future of Nursing: Interdisciplinary Collaboration across the Healthcare Sector1560 Words   |  6 Pagesand health needs of the current population is based on the standards of evidence-based practice. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: In order for changes to occur in the future of nursing requires interdisciplinary collaboration across the health care sector. While there is need for cooperation from all health-related disciplines, nurses can act as change agents. The ability of nurses to act as change agents is based on the fact that the nursing practice is the basic foundation of primary health careRead MoreEvidence Based Quality Enhancement And Healthcare1587 Words   |  7 Pages Evidence based practice has a great impact on health care system, nursing practice, teaching, and science. The necessity for evidence based quality enhancement and healthcare alteration underscores the requirement for redesigning and implementing care that is effectual, secure and competent (Stevens, K., Ma., 2013). The movement of evidence based practice commenced with the identification of the problems faced in healthcare system. The unacceptable gap between what we know and what we do in theRead MoreProphylactic Sacral Dressing ( Icu ) And A Recommendation Proposal1387 Words   |  6 PagesProphylactic Sacral Dressing Application The old adage, prevention is worth an ounce of cure, holds true in nursing concerning pressure ulcer prevention. Hospital acquired pressure ulcers are a preventable event that nurses have the unique ability to impact directly. Not only will preventative measures impact the potential cost savings, they have the ability to impact patient care. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the evidence, identify benchmarking, discuss an outcome measurement tool,Read MoreIntraoral Chlorhexidine In Nursing Research Paper1715 Words   |  7 Pages The Efficacy of Intraoral Chlorhexidine in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Sarah Bolduc Northeastern University Abstract It is important for healthcare providers to acknowledge the evidence base that drives our clinical practice. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is at the forefront of our ability to deliver high quality care and is utilized when making clinical decisions concerning patient care. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital-acquired infection thatRead MoreRole And Responsibilities As A Dnp Practice Scholar1704 Words   |  7 PagesResponsibilities as a DNP Practice Scholar in Nursing Home Student’s Name: Institution: Course: Date of Submission: â€Æ' Introduction Although the American Association of Colleges of Nursing clearly defined the role of Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree in 2004, some confusion about the academic programs still exist. The role of both the DNP and PhD-prepared individuals is to improve the quality of health care and the health of population through the use of the best evidence when assisting them inRead MoreNurse-Sensitive Performance Reviews and Quality Indicators758 Words   |  3 Pagesnursing practice is significant. Creating a sound theoretical and research basis for nursing practice is beneficial on a number of levels. First, it creates a consistent basis for nursing practice, ensuring a consistent standard of quality throughout the profession. On a further practical level, leaders at hospitals are able to provide nurses with concrete guidelines regarding acceptable practice standards. It also provides a basis for assessing the effectiveness and quality of nursing practice at hospitalsRead MoreNursing E ducation: Scholarship of Knowing and Carpers Ways of Knowing711 Words   |  3 PagesKnowing Carper (1979) proposed 4 different ways in which knowledge related to nursing and health care can be gained: Empirical - via empirical knowledge from science or experience (or other sources that can be verified). Today, that would be called evidence-based nursing. Personal knowledge and experience derived from personal experience and empathy with the other including from putting oneself in the others shoes. Feedback also helps Ethical knowledge and skills adapted from ethical experience and

Gender Roles And Leadership Roles - 3343 Words

According to the dictionary, leadership is defined as, â€Å"a person who guides or directs a group. An act or instance of leading; guidance; direction.† We are faced with leadership roles in every dynamic of life. In school, every click has a â€Å"leader,† every team has a captain, at work there is always a manager, always an editor when writing books. There is always a chance for someone to stand up and take a leading role. However, do both genders possess the same chances? Throughout this paper we will look at gender differences in leadership roles in the classroom, an emphasis of leadership in sports, and how leadership roles translate into the office among chosen career paths. At an early age we begin separating males and females: we begin creating a mold of what each gender should be. Gender-specific roles begin even before a child is born. Girls are destined to have pink and purple rooms and boys blue with dinosaurs. Boys are encouraged to be independent and play rough, while girls are treated with delicacy. Toys promote gender difference; boys are expected to play with toys that stress independence and working, while girls are encouraged to play with toys that encourage dependency and embody motherly characteristics. Through sports, women are given an opportunity to break from the mold, but it is inarguable that a huge gender disparity remains in today s society and it fully permeates the world of athletics. At early stages in development we begin to mold gender-specificShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Leadership Roles849 Words   |  4 Pagespercent of male raters, and rating source affect how effective leaders of different genders are seen to be. The ir analysis was based on Role Congruity Theory. This theory states that male gender roles and leadership roles are congruent, while female gender roles and leadership roles are not congruent. For this theory, women in leadership positions get disapproval because they are not follow their female gender roles. The researchers found that, while the difference was not significant, men were seenRead MoreEssay On Gender Roles In Leadership Roles1015 Words   |  5 PagesKelly O’Neill Professor Thomsen PSC 319 15 November 2017 Gender Plays No Role in Leadership Websites Rep. Nancy Pelosi and Rep. Kevin McCarthy are two incredibly influential members of the House of Representatives. McCarthy is the Majority Leader for the republicans on the House floor, and Pelosi is the Democratic Leader that represents the democrats on the House floor. Both representatives are highly qualified and respected leaders in their parties. According to Lawless and Fox, there is a strongRead MoreThe Role Of Gender And Its Effect On Leadership Styles2156 Words   |  9 PagesThe Role of Gender in Leadership For long, the idea of leadership has been associated with men, as evidenced by the idea of â€Å"masculinity†, a core idea of the 20th century leadership theories (Lord, DeVader Alliger, 1986). While it is now commonly accepted in the western world that being a woman is not incompatible with being a leader - even though their num-ber remains limited (Joy, 2008), the question of the role of gender remains. Are there different leadership traits according to the genreRead MoreGender Is An Institutionalized System Of Social Practices Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pages Gender is more than just a trait of individuals. It is an institutionalized system of social practices for constituting males and females as different in socially significant ways and organizing inequality in terms of those differences. Widely shared gender stereotypes are in effect the â€Å"genetic code† of the gender system, since they constitute the cultural rules by which people perceive and enact gender differences and inequality. (Ridgeway, 2001) Gender is deeply entwined with socialRead MoreLeadership And Management Of The Workplace704 Words   |  3 Pages Leadership in Gender Equality in the Workplace SEYEDEELAHE MEHRDEL West Coast University Leadership and Management Coleen Poitinger 3/16/2017 Leadership in gender equality in the workplace The need for increased diversity and strong women leadership is an issue in today’s healthcare system. The need for gender equality in healthcare system and number of women participating in medical field are recognized. Although women make up a majority of the United States population (50.8 percent)Read MoreResearch on Gender Comparisons Essay613 Words   |  3 PagesResearch on Gender Comparisons Gender has long been a dichotomous debate. One gender is more of this, whereas the other gender is more of that. Men stereotypically maintain a reputation as leaders and aggressors, whereas women retain the role of empathetic and nurturing. The author of our book, Donelson, has examined and provided us with a plethora of research on the gender differences in regards to leadership, aggression, empathy, nurturance, agency, and communal orientations in relationRead MoreOrganizational Psychology : Gender And Leadership938 Words   |  4 Pagescauses of the phenomena studied by organizational psychology underlying. Research on gender and leadership focuses on both college students and executives in various business settings. A common theme concerns the idea that a good leader is model described incompatible male with feminine behavior, sometimes thought of as think-Manager. For example, to provoke some settings pronounced stereotypes. If the expected leadership style of an organizati on at a given hora direct, exacerbate uncaring, or from topRead MoreThe Inequality Of Womens Leadership1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe Inequality of Women in Leadership Throughout history, the United States have overcome a number of inequalities and discovered our many freedoms. In the modern age we now live, every individual should have equal rights. Theoretically we do, but technically there are still areas of inequality, specifically in business management. Women are facing difficulties in advancing to leadership positions within most fields, especially in Fortune 500 companies. Female leaders continually face difficultiesRead MoreWomen in Leadership Roles1671 Words   |  7 Pagesexamines the research on gender equity in educational leadership published since 1997until 2010. Even though women attaining jobs in school leadership has increased, women still do not fill administrative positions in comparison to men. The majority of research related to women and leadership examines the barriers women face in entering or moving up in the leadership hierarchy. Looking at the differences and similarities in how men and women take on and exercise lea dership roles, the authors of theRead MoreCritical Analysis On Gender Stereotypes1072 Words   |  5 Pages Critical Analysis on Gender Stereotypes in the Workforce Yesenia Bachez California State University, Los Angeles Critical Analysis on Gender Stereotypes in the Workforce Despite various changes in the workforce, it is apparent that gender stereotypes are not extinct and are still very powerful generalizations. Through this reflection paper I hope to successfully analyze gender stereotypes and the impact they have on the workforce. Gender stereotypes influence our judgment and

The Toyota Company Free Essays

The Toyota Company has many ongoing effects to external environments which include general and task environments. There are many challenges that an industry like Toyota faces when dealing with general environment and task environment. Over the next three years Toyota is faced with many difficulties that must be faced from top management all the way to lower management. We will write a custom essay sample on The Toyota Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now Toyota is caught up with many general environmental issues which include economic, social-cultural, political and legal, technological, and demographic conditions.Many of these conditions are due to the many consumer complaints that were brought on by the defects that many of the automobiles that were manufactured by Toyota. The task environment forces that will affect Toyota include dealerships, customers, and mechanics. Due to the vehicle defects within the past year, top management will be forced to plan with three task factors in order to successfully control the situations and outcomes. Toyota management is working closely together to ensure they are taking the extra precautions to help rebuild a damaged reputation.After the recall last, Toyota management took the time to meet with their forces in the task environment. Dealerships, along with the top management were fixing the problems for free in order to meet the demands of their customers by remaining loyal and proving they would fix the problem at hand. The Toyota manufacturing industry has a global structure that allows for the manufacture of Toyota vehicles from over 170 countries throughout the globe. Toyota has set many plants throughout the U. S. China, France, Mexico, and the Czech Republic while they have set themselves as a major global supplier of vehicles. Due to the massive Toyota recall there have been numerous customer complaints due to the faulty equipment in the brakes. Due to the economic recession more people are buying less Toyota vehicles which are not good for the business. The Toyota recall was not good for the company due to the loss of millions in repairs of the Toyota vehicles. With the U. S. in a recession it is even more difficult to find more American’s buying automobiles.Until the U. S. gets back on course from the recession Toyota will have a harder time with profitability. The social cultural forces of the U. S. has grown to have a vital with Japan in order to open Toyota plants in the U. S. there is a lot of pressure from the U. S. to meet demands of Toyota. In the past Toyota had seen a steady increase in production sales. Toyota was steadily gaining reputation as the forefront in the general society of America for the purchase of automobiles. The Toyota Company is widely accepted in the U.S. as one of the top automobile suppliers throughout the U. S. The technological forces of Toyota have allowed the company to stay on top with its low prices and use their technology to stay ahead of their competition. Toyota has faced many political and legal forces in a short period of time due to the massive recall from over a year ago. It will take a few years to pull back from this down fall that Toyota has seen. Toyota must work with their management if they are to get past this difficult part of their life.As stated before Toyota has put forth millions of dollars to ensure that repairs are long lasting, and that there are no more defects. It will be important for management to provide an innovative blueprint to figure out how they will get past this. Since the recalls Toyota has seen more political and legal burdens within the company. The author’s, Jones and George, state the following about general environment: â€Å"Managers must constantly analyze forces in the general environment because these forces affect ongoing decision making and planning† (George, Jones, 2007, pg. 46). The task environment begins to take place within Toyota when we begin to deal with the suppliers, customers, distributors, and competitors. Toyota task forcers play a key role in the company by the actions taken by the main forcers within the company. The dealerships are dealt as the suppliers. The four taskers all have to help deal with the realization of the recall disaster. With over nine million cars recalled last Toyota is under high scrutiny. Toyota is facing both criminal and Congressional questioning under the safety problems of the vehicles.It’s up to Toyota’s management to use their managerial functions by utilizing their task forcers. The dealerships will have to work with management to ensure that they are working with their mechanics in the service department to properly fix any of the defects with the vehicles. In order for Toyota stay ahead of the competition they must ensure to meet their customers needs by having their customers demands met. It is important with the proper planning that Toyota establishes a proper plan that will begin to organize, plan and control the process of the various Toyota recalls.This type of plan is an effective management tool to alert their customers through the dealers to let them know if they are part of the recall. By meeting the demands of the customer’s Toyota is helping to rebuild their reputation as being the top manufacturer in automobiles. This helps them stay in the run against their competitors with having the best vehicle in the market by proving they are willing to fix the problems they are responsible for. In conclusion, Toyota has learned to build their rep utation by having the best made vehicles on the market. Due to the recalls they are using their general and task environment forces to ensure management is doing what it takes to rebuild their reputation. Toyota general and task environment relates to the major forces within the organization of Toyota with potential to influence significantly their products and services.Work Cited Jones, G. R. , and George, J. M. (2007). Essentials of contemporary management (2nd ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill The Huffington Post. (2010, March 10). Worst product recalls. Retrieved November 4, 2010 from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2010/02/23/the-worst-product-recalls_n_472340. html How to cite The Toyota Company, Papers

Business proposal Essay Example For Students

Business proposal Essay Business proposal Essay: Library at the Exton Campus of Delaware County Community College Erin Murphy April 29, 2002 BUS 100-95 TABLE OF CONTENTS Company goals and objectives: Our goals are to grow in this niche market thus aim to attain a high market share, doing so, will help the company achieve the main goal which is to be a market leader in this field. Our objective is to obtain our annual sales targets and to increase the companys profit margins; this will help us achieve our goal. Another important objective is to meet customers specific needs in order to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. Business philosophy: In this business whats important is to stay positive and to liaise together as a team in order to solve any problems that may occur and to make important business decisions. Target market: The target market would be dog owners of all ages. The products will be set at affordable prices for customers that are seeking the lifestyle of the upper class person. (to be continued this time next week) Products and services Products Services Wholesale CostSelling Price T-Shirts (Various Colours Sizes)8. 9914.99 Vest Tops (Various Colours Sizes)8.9914.99 Polo Shirts (Various Colours Sizes)13.9922.99 Hooded Tops (Various Colours Sizes)11. 9921.33 Name Tags (Various Colours Sizes)1.995.99 Crystal Band Collars (Various Colours Sizes)15.9925.99 Sparkling Collars (Various Colours Sizes)19. 9910.99 Leads (Various Colours Sizes)9.9929.99 Boots (Various Colours Sizes)14.9930.00 Bags (Various Colours Sizes)9. 9917.99 Necklace (Various)14.9924.99 Silver Necklace (Various)54.9975.00 Hair Accessories (Various)0. 503.00 Tiara7.9914.99 Banadana (Various)2.5012.00 All-In-One Bathrobe (Various)15. 9924.99 Bathrobe (Various)17.9926.99 Shampoo Conditioner4.509.99 Perfume3. 007.50 Dental Kit3.999.99 Beds (Various)20.0055.00 Customisation (Various Design)From 5. 99 Engraving2 Per Letter Marketing plan Market Overview: Market size The UK market for pet accessories was 296 million in 1999. An increase of 36% since 1995 but in 2003 the market size is over 400 million. Despite the contractions in the number of dogs the market for products aimed at dogs and their owners is still healthy. Figure 1- UK retail sales of pet accessories 1998-2003 YearmIndexm1998 pricesIndex 1998339100339.0100 1999349103338.5100 2000361106346. 8102 2001371109344.8102 2002390115355.2105 2003407120357.6105 The pet market retail value in 2003 was 3.9 billion. Market Share Pet accessories account for 14% of the total UK pet market, with estimated market value of 547 million in 2003, an increase of approximately 3% from previous year. .

My Religious Belief System Essays - Belief, Epistemology, Truth

My Religious Belief System My Religious Belief System My religious belief system is embedded in Christianity. I was born into a family who worshiped as Methodist and I am still Methodist. Growing up my mother not only sent us to church, she went with us along with my grandmother, aunts, uncles and cousins. Even though my father did not attend church often, he believed in God and supported my mother's desire to have her children in church. The neighborhood I grew up in consisted of a great deal of my mother's family and everyone served at the same church, right there in the community. My religious beliefs, directed my life in the sense of keeping my family close, taking my children to church, and teaching them the right way. I remember before my baptism, my pastor explained to me the importance of being baptized and partaking in communion. The first time I accepted communion at the age of 12, I felt like I was receiving a part of Jesus in my body as protection against anything and everything. Later, I learned the real reason for communio n is repentance and the need for forgiveness. My nurturing from church became an ethical path growing up. Without this direction in my life, a number of things I have experienced would probably cause me to detour too another way of thinking and doing things. My definition of a religious belief system is believe in God, involving yourself in worship and praise services and comprehending and living by a standard outlined by the word of God. In addition to that my beliefs tie in with the definition stated above. I am a Christian and with that being said, I believe in God and his son Jesus Christ. I truly believe Christ is our Lord and Savior who came into existence because of our sins and for that reason, I believe Christ died after he was crucified on the cross and 3 days later, he rose with all power over everything in heavens and earth. I believe Christ died for the sins of the entire world so that every living being may have life and live it more abundantly and when the time comes for our bodies to return to dust or dirt then our souls will join him in heaven if we believe he is Lord. From what I read and from what I am constantly learning from the Bible, I grasp what is required of me as an individual and as a Christian in associa tion with my conduct, meaning the way I behave toward others, and so forth. The Bible is an excellent guideline of what God expects us to do. By now, it seems obvious what I believe and it appears to be apparent that my belief system is absolutely a religious belief system. I pray constantly without ceasing for my children, my entire family and everyone I consider crucial to me. After analyzing my belief system, I grew into different facets of my religious belief system through phases of my life. For example, I knew several prayers at a young age but I did not understand how crucial prayer was concerning my religious beliefs. I recall as a young girl being on my knees along beside my grandmother saying my prayers. I remember her teaching one prayer for night and one for the mornings. Even as a teenager, I realized some of the proper characteristics of my belief system but being young in mind I did not always adhere to that belief. I always knew deep inside because of what my belief is that some things I will not do. I do not consider myself a saint and I have made some terrible decisions but not to the point where I ig nored my conscious which convicts us. Now that I have reached adulthood and I have experienced other things like marriage, having children, and coping with tragedies the significance of my belief system advanced and I know today I am almost whole. The benefits and disadvantages of acquiring my belief system are a distant stretch. The benefits of my religious belief system is knowing God always watches over me in spite of my faults and

Hawthornes Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables Essays

Hawthornes Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables Essays Hawthornes Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables American Literature reflects life, and the struggles that we face during our existence. The great authors of our time incorporate lifes problems into their literature directly and indirectly. The stories themselves bluntly tell us a story, however, an author also uses symbols to relay to us his message in a more subtle manner. In Nathaniel Hawthornes book The House of Seven Gables symbolism is eloquently used to enhance the story being told, by giving us a deeper insight into the authors intentions in writing the story. The book begins by describing the most obvious symbol of the house itself. The house itself takes on human like characteristics as it is being described by Hawthorne in the opening chapters. The house is described as "breathing through the spiracles of one great chimney"(Hawthorne 7). Hawthorne uses descriptive lines like this to turn the house into a symbol of the lives that have passed through its halls. The house takes on a persona of a living creature that exists and influences the lives of everybody who enters through its doors. (Colacurcio 113) "So much of mankinds varied experience had passed there - so much had been suffered, and something, too, enjoyed - that the very timbers were oozy, as with the moisture of a heart." (Hawthorne 27). Hawthorne turns the house into a symbol of the collection of all the hearts that were darkened by the house. "It was itself like a great human heart, with a life of its own, and full of rich and somber reminiscences" (Hawthorne 27). Evert Augustus Duyckinck agrees that "The chief perhaps, of the dramatis personae, is the house itself. From its turrets to its kitchen, in every nook and recess without and within, it is alive and vital." (Hawthorne 352) Duyckinck feels that the house is meant to be used as a symbol of an actual character, "Truly it is an actor in the scene"(Hawthorne 352). This turns the house into an interesting, but still depressing place that darkens the book in many ways. Hawthorne means for the houses gloomy atmosphere to symbolize many things in his book. The house also is used to symbolize a prison that has darkened the lives of its inmates forever. The house is a prison because it prevents its inhabitants form truly enjoying any freedom. The inhabitants try to escape from their incarceration twice. Initially, as Phoebe and Clifford watch the parade of life in the street, Clifford "realizes his state of isolation from the one broad mass of existence-one great life, - one collected body of mankind, and he cannot resist the actual physical attempt to plunge down into the surging stream of human sympathy" (Rountree 101). Dillingham believes that "Hawthorne clearly describes Cliffords great need to become reunited with the world and hints that this reunion can be accomplished only by death" (Rountree 101). However, Clifford inevitably fails to win his freedom, and he returns to the solace of his prison house. Clifford and Hepzibah attempt once more to escape their captive prison, but the house has jaded them too much already (Rountree 102). This is apparent when Hepzibah and her brother made themselves ready- as ready as they could, in the best of their old-fashion garments, which had hung on pegs, or been laid away in trunks, so long that the dampness and mouldy smell of the past was on them - made themselves ready, in their faded bettermost, to go to church. They descended the staircase together, pulled open the front door, and stept across the threshold, and felt, both of them, as if they were standing in the presence of the whole world Their hearts quaked within them, at the idea of taking one step further. (Hawthorne 169) Hepzibah and Clifford are completely cut off from the outside world. They are like prisoners who after being jailed for decades return to find a world they do not know.(Rountree 101). Clifford is deeply saddened when he says, " We are ghosts! We have no right among human beings - no right anywhere, but in this old house"(Hawthorne 169). The house has imprisoned their souls and trapped their lives. Hence, the house symbolizes a prison for its inhabitants. The house also symbolizes the history of the of Pyncheon family dating back to the original Colonel Pyncheon who had been cursed by Matthew Maule for the evil way in which the Colonel obtained the land for the house. The house has collected memories upon memories of the people who have lived there, beginning

The growing role of on-line learning courses Essay

The growing role of on-line learning courses - Essay Example They have immense potential of serving business & educational purposes whereby the primary use has been witnessed widely in training, education, knowledge management, research, design, conceptualization, and communication. In the modern business and educational world, multimedia is used in two forms - (1) Traditional multimedia systems - systems comprising of all multimedia components assembled together on a single computer deployed as standalone or accessible over high speed LAN systems which can then be presented using direct connectivity to presentation systems like LCD displays, projectors, high resolution monitors, etc.) (2) On-line multimedia systems - systems comprising of all multimedia components assembled together and deployed on multiple computers that are integrated through a presentation system which allows access to the multimedia content through Internet browser interfaces over Internet or Intranet. The traditional multimedia systems use files in their original format whereas the on-line multimedia systems use files in transformed f... (2) On-line multimedia systems - systems comprising of all multimedia components assembled together and deployed on multiple computers that are integrated through a presentation system which allows access to the multimedia content through Internet browser interfaces over Internet or Intranet. The traditional multimedia systems use files in their original format whereas the on-line multimedia systems use files in transformed form (includes format change, compression, size reduction, etc.) to make them suitable to be run through web enabled presentation technologies. Both multimedia systems offer interactive experience to users specifically in trainings and education programs with the help of the creativity of teachers presenting & controlling the content. However, on-line multimedia systems have exploded heavily on the Cyberspace thus significantly losing structure, knowledge connections, individualizations, human touch, learning effectiveness, etc. as compared to the traditional multimedia systems. This paper critically examines the weaknesses & limiting factors of on-line multimedia systems in education, training, learning, knowledge transfer, and presentation as compared with traditional multimedia systems. The next section presents literature review on multimedia syste ms that presents comparison between traditional & on-line multimedia systems, the subsequent section presents critical discussions & the final section presents conclusions on the subject. [Gibbs, Simon. 1995] Literature Review - On-Line Multi-Media Systems compared with Traditional Multi-Media Systems Multimedia comprises of object oriented software development forming a framework comprising of

Port Security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Port Security - Research Paper Example In 2008, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estimated a total 8.17 billion tons of goods, or 80% of the global international trade to have passed through seaborne channels and ports worldwide3. However, there is no international standard for security being implemented worldwide, with port security at the mercy of the host countries4. In the United States, seaborne transportation systems are vital to the national and international commerce of the country. Approximately 95% or over $740 billion or 2 billion tons of products pass through marine ports5. As majority of commercial goods passing through maritime ports of entry, the United States Department of Homeland security recognized the necessity of ensuring that the supply chain necessary for economic activity and prosperity should not be disrupted. As economic growth relies on the supply system to provide the necessary products necessary for trade, the Department treats the supply with grave importance as it â€Å"feeds critical domestic infrastructure and support (America’s) way of life.†6 As President Barrack Obama put it, economic activity relies on the global supply system and any disruption on the system, either by natural or terrorist activities, can gravely â€Å"impact global economic growth and productivity†, thus the need to address the threats and ensure the continuous flow of supply vital to trade and the economy.7 Defence IQ defines port security as â€Å"security that refers to the defense, law and treaty enforcement, and counterterrorism activities that fall within the port and maritime domain. It includes the protection of the seaports themselves, the protection and inspection of the cargo moving through the ports, and maritime security.†8 Following the 9/11 attacks in 2001, the necessity of securing ports of entries came under greater attention. As the New York Times reported in an article in 2012, many terrorists

Java and Bluetooth Technologies

Java and Bluetooth Technologies CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background Wireless technologies are becoming more and more popular around the world. Consumers appreciate the wireless lifestyle, relieving them of the well known â€Å"cable chaos† that tends to grow under their desk. Nowadays, the world would virtually stop if wireless communications suddenly became unavailable. Both our way of life and the global economy are highly dependent on the flow of information through wireless mediums like television and radio. Cell phones have become highly available during the last decade. Now virtually everyone owns a cell phone, making people available almost wherever they are. Many companies are highly dependent on their employees having cell phones, some companies have even decided not to employ stationary phone systems but instead use cell phones exclusively throughout the organization. New wireless technologies are introduced at an increasing rate. During the last few years the IEEE 802.11 technologies have started to spread rapidly, enabling consumer s to set up their own wireless networks. This constitutes an important change in how wireless communications are made available to consumers. Wireless networks are no longer provided by big corporations alone, they can just as well be implemented by individuals. Our society is becoming more and more dependent on wireless communications as new areas of use are introduced. The Bluetooth wireless technology is also spreading rapidly. The number of Bluetooth chipsets shipped per year has doubled from 2002 to a total of 69 million chipsets in 2003. The majority of these Bluetooth chipsets are used in mobile phones. An interesting aspect is that consumers are highly dependent on having a cell phone, and the Bluetooth technology is included in the majority of new cell phones. The Bluetooth technology will therefore spread because of the general need for cell phones. As an increasing number of useful Bluetooth applications become available, many consumers will already have Bluetooth devices and be ready to start using Bluetooth PANs (Personal Area Networks) where all their Bluetooth devices communicate with one another. The number of Java enabled mobile phones worldwide is over 250 million and the number of Java enabled mobile phones will continue to increase. Java enabled mobile phones have already been on the market for some years. Due to the very resource constrained mobile phones available a few years ago, Java applications were not very sophisticated and did not hit the mass-market the way many had hoped. As seen in the rest of the software and hardware industry, games play an important role in driving the development of both hardware and software forward. It is therefore interesting to see that a large market has emerged lately for Java games targeting mobile devices. Processing power, available memory, screen size, and screen resolution are increasing as new Java enabled mobile devices enter the market. Newly released Java applications are accordingly sophisticated, and will help to spread the Java technology usage even further. The Java APIs for Bluetooth Wireless Technology (JABWT) ties the Java technology and the Bluetooth technology together. JABWT is made available in some of the latest smart phones and will probably be available also in low-end cell phones in the future. One can easily imagine different scenarios where JABWT would be useful, e.g. the functionality of existing Java games is extended to support multi-player games using Bluetooth connectivity. Other interesting scenarios emerge as well, such as a consumer using a Java Bluetooth enabled mobile phone to pay for a soda by connecting to a Bluetooth enabled soda vending-machine. A good prediction is that JABWT will first find its use in multi-player Java games, making the Java and Bluetooth technologies well-known to consumers. Thereafter we will probably see other types of Java Bluetooth applications, such as small-amount payment applications. This thesis gives a broad overview of Java and Bluetooth technologies, and a mobile peer-to-peer application that allows users to share their files such as text, images music within a small Bluetooth network in a synchronized way. 1.2 Aim of the Project This project is designed to develop a personalized mobile file sharing system that allow users to share their resources without the aid of any central server. 1.3 Motivation of the Project With the availability of peer-to-peer mobile services operating on content sets, the need for a personalized file sharing Application rises. This project overcomes the requirements specified above by designing a personalized file sharing system that not only allows people to share files to the strangers in a mobile peer-to-peer mobile network, but also identifies the secure mobile devices in an â€Å"ad-hoc mobile social network† which allows people to share and personalize the file sharing experience with the strangers in the network. 1.4 Expected outcome of the project The Outcome of this project is to design a system that provides methods to share their files within the users in an adhoc network by identifying the secure mobile devices. The user not only shares there files with known entities but also has provisions to share the image, text and music files with unknown entities. 1.5. Introduction to Bluetooth Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol. Bluetooth is an always-on, short-range radio hookup that resides on a microchip. We can use Bluetooth to communicate to other Bluetooth-enabled devices. It was initially developed by Swedish mobile phone maker Ericsson in 1994 as a way to let laptop computers make calls over a mobile phone. Since then, several thousand companies have signed on to make Bluetooth the low-power short-range wireless standard for a wide range of devices. Industry observers expect Bluetooth to be installed in billions of devices by 2005. The concept behind Bluetooth is to provide a universal short-range wireless capability. Using the 2.4 GHz band, available globally for unlicensed low-power uses, two Bluetooth devices within 10 m of each other can share up to 720 Kbps of capacity. Bluetooth is intended to support an open-ended list of applications, including data (such as schedules and telephone numbers), audio, graphics, and even video. For example, audio devices can include headsets, cordless and standard phones, home stereos, and digital MP3 players. Following are some examples of the capabilities that Bluetooth can provide consumers: Make calls from a wireless headset connected remotely to a cell phone; Eliminate cables linking computers to printers, keyboards, and the mouse; Hook up MP3 players wirelessly to other machines to download music; Set up home networks so that a couch potato can remotely monitor air conditioning, the oven, and childrens Internet surfing; Call home from a remote location to turn appliances on and off, set the alarm, and monitor activity. 1.5.1 Applications of Bluetooth Bluetooth is designed to operate in an environment of many users. Up to eight devices can communicate in a small network called a piconet. Ten of these piconets can coexist in the same coverage range of the Bluetooth radio. To provide security, each link is encoded and protected against eavesdropping and interference. Bluetooth provides support for three general application areas using short-range wireless connectivity: Data and voice access points Bluetooth facilitates real-time voice and data transmissions by providing effortless wireless connection of portable and stationary communications devices; Cable replacement Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable attachments for connection of practically any kind of communications device. Connections are instant and are maintained even when devices are not within line of sight. The range of each radio is approximately 10 m, but can be extended to 100 m with an optional amplifier; Ad hoc networking A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish instant connection to another Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range. 1.5.2 Protocol Architecture Bluetooth is defined as a layered protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable replacement and telephony control protocols, and adopted protocols. The core protocols form a five-layer stack consisting of the following elements: Radio Specifies details of the air interface, including frequency, the use of frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmit power. Baseband Concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing, packet format, timing, and power control. Link manager protocol (LMP) Responsible for link setup between Bluetooth devices and ongoing link management. This includes security aspects such as authentication and encryption, plus the control and negotiation of baseband packet sizes. Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) Adapts upper-layer protocols to the baseband layer. L2CAP provides both connectionless and connection-oriented services. Service discovery protocol (SDP) Device information, services, and the characteristics of the services can be queried to enable the establishment of a connection between two or more Bluetooth devices. RFCOMM is the cable replacement protocol included in the Bluetooth specification. RFCOMM presents a virtual serial port that is designed to make replacement of cable technologies as transparent as possible. Serial ports are one of the most common types of communications interfaces used with computing and communications devices. Hence, RFCOMM enables the replacement of serial port cables with the minimum of modification of existing devices. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 control signals over the Bluetooth base band layer. EIA-232 (formerly known as RS-232) is a widely used serial port interface standard. The adopted protocols are defined in specifications issued by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into the overall Bluetooth architecture. The Bluetooth strategy is to invent only necessary protocols and use existing standards whenever possible. These are the adopted protocols: PPP The point-to-point protocol is an Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link; TCP/UDP/IP These are the foundation protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite; OBEX The object exchange protocol is a session-level protocol developed by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA) for the exchange of objects. OBEX provides functionality similar to that of HTTP, but in a simpler fashion. It also provides a model for representing objects and operations. Examples of content formats transferred by OBEX are vCard and vCalendar, which provide the format of an electronic business card and personal calendar entries and scheduling information, respectively; WAE/WAP Bluetooth incorporates the wireless application environment and the wireless application protocol into its architecture. 1.5.3 Bluetooth Usage Models A number of usage models are defined in Bluetooth profile documents. In essence, a usage model is a set of protocols that implement a particular Bluetooth-based application. Each profile defines the protocols and protocol features supporting a particular usage model. Following are the highest-priority usage models: File transfer The file transfer usage model supports the transfer of directories, files, documents, images, and streaming media formats. This usage model also includes the capability to browse folders on a remote device; Internet bridge With this usage model, a PC is wirelessly connected to a mobile phone or cordless modem to provide dial-up networking and fax capabilities. For dial-up networking, AT commands are used to control the mobile phone or modem, and another protocol stack (such as PPP over RFCOMM) is used for data transfer. For fax transfer, the fax software operates directly over RFCOMM; LAN access This usage model enables devices on a piconet to access a LAN. Once connected, a device functions as if it were directly connected (wired) to the LAN; Synchronization This model provides a device-to-device synchronization of PIM (personal information management) information, such as phone book, calendar, message, and note information. IrMC (Ir mobile communications) is an IrDA protocol that provides client/server capability for transferring updated PIM information from one device to another; Three-in-one phone Telephone handsets that implement this usage model may act as a cordless phone connecting to a voice base station, as an intercom device for connecting to other telephones, and as a cellular phone; Headset The headset can act as a remote devices audio input and output interface. 1.5.4 Advantages Bluetooth has a lot to offer with an increasingly difficult market place. Bluetooth helps to bring with it the promise of freedom from the cables and simplicity in networking that has yet to be matched by LAN (Local Area Network). In the key marketplace, of wireless and handheld devices, the closest competitor to Bluetooth is infrared. Infrared holds many key features, although the line of sight it provides doesnt go through walls or through obstacles like that of the Bluetooth technology. Unlike infrared, Bluetooth isnt a line of sight and it provides ranges of up to 100 meters. Bluetooth is also low power and low processing with an overhead protocol. What this means, is that its ideal for integration into small battery powered devices. To put it short, the applications with Bluetooth are virtually endless. Disadvantages Bluetooth has several positive features and one would be extremely hard pressed to find downsides when given the current competition. The only real downsides are the data rate and security. Infrared can have data rates of up to 4 MBps, which provides very fast rates for data transfer, while Bluetooth only offers 1 MBps. For this very reason, infrared has yet to be dispensed with completely and is considered by many to be the complimentary technology to that of Bluetooth. Infrared has inherent security due to its line of sight. The greater range and radio frequency (RF) of Bluetooth makAe it much more open to interception and attack. For this reason, security is a very key aspect to the Bluetooth specification. Although there are very few disadvantages, Bluetooth still remains the best for short range wireless technology. Those who have tried it love it, and they know for a fact that Bluetooth will be around for years to come. 1.5.5 Chat In a Bluetooth Chat application, well develop a JABWT-based chat room application, called Chat, for mobile devices that must support the J2ME MIDP 1.0 profile. Users who have a JABWT-capable device can use this application to chat with their nearby friends in an IRC fashion. It searches and joins any existing chat room within the Bluetooth effective range, or creates a new chat room in the nearby Bluetooth range. We use the words chat room to represent a virtual chat room thats formed by a network of Chat applications. Users can start messaging with each other within the same virtual chat room when theres more than one party connected to each other. If one user sends a message over the air, all parties of the chat room will receive the message. Users can join and leave the chat room at anytime. For our convenience we assumes like Theres only one chat room that exists within effective Bluetooth range. There is no security imposed when joining a chat room. Users run one instance of Chat on a device at any given time. Before we dig into the source code, lets look at some of the Bluetooth application design issues. JABWT does a good job of providing a familiar API to J2ME developers for accessing Bluetooth facilities. JABWT is integrated with the J2ME Generic Connection Framework. As a result, Bluetooth network programming is very similar to a stream-based connection model. Like many other network protocols, the Bluetooth connection model employs a client/server architecture. Our Chat application, on the other hand, operates in a peer-to-peer manner. Each running instance of Chat (or a node) can serve as a client and a server at the same time. It behaves as a client when Chat starts up; it searches and connects to existing running Chat devices. Once connected, it makes itself available for future clients to connect to. In such cases, it serves as a server for future client connections. To logically represent an active Chat node, we use the concept of endpoint to encapsulate all the connectivity attributes of a node. An endpoint represents a unique message delivery destination and source regardless of whether it is a server or a client. A Bluetooth connection differs from a regular socket connection by its unique device and service discovery processes. Bluetooth applications typically start the device discovery process to identify connectable devices, which is followed by a service discovery process to obtain a reference (URL) to suitable services. To hide these complexities from the Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements, a network layer is introduced to serve as a faà §ade to the Bluetooth API. This design is comparable to the Model-Viewer-Controller model where the Viewer component is decoupled from the Model component. The GUI can access Bluetooth connectivity via a simplified interface, which does all the discovery and connection establishment behind the scenes. This network layer also provides the functionality to send messages to and receive messages from other endpoints. A call back interface is in place to report any network activity back to the GUI. The Bluetooth Network is explain below. The communication channel between each connected Chat endpoint is a structured data stream connection. We put together a simple protocol to coordinate the activity between each endpoint. This protocol includes the following features: Initial handshake: Each point must handshake with each other when the connection is first established. This ensures that the connecting device is a Chat node rather than a mistakenly connected application. During the handshake, we also exchange the screen names of the users Delivery of text message: Each sent text message is delivered to all endpoints connected to the Chat network. Termination handshake: If the user quits the chat room gracefully, a termination token is sent to all the other endpoints to indicate its intention. We can clean up the necessary network and runtime resources associated with the leaving endpoint upon receiving this token. However, if the user walks away from effective range and becomes inaccessible, a termination token is not sent. Other active endpoints will discover the leaving party is inaccessible when the connections are lost, and they will clean up the resources. 1.5.5.1 Implementation Consideration The NetLayer class, which implements the Chat networking layer, does most of the Bluetooth-related work and provides the following functionality: Initializes the Bluetooth stack Registers Chat services to the Bluetooth device Searches for nearby devices Searches for Chat services on nearby devices Establishes endpoint connectivity for found Chat services Manages the life cycle of all endpoints The Bluetooth stack can be initialized by calling LocalDevice. getLocalDevice(). LocalDevice is a singleton that uniquely represents the underlying Bluetooth device implementation. You can use the LocalDevice instance to gain access to other Bluetooth features including: Discovery agent (via getDiscoveryAgent()) Bluetooth physical network address (via getBluetoothAddress()) SDDB (via getRecord() and updateRecord()) The Chat NetLayers initial work is to create and register a Chat service to a local device. A Bluetooth service is an entry point for other Bluetooth clients to access available functionalities. Since each Chat endpoint can serve as a server, it must register its service in order to make this server available to other Chat clients. JABWT utilizes the MIDP Generic Connection Framework to instantiate a server connection. A Chat application needs to instantiate a Serial Port Profile connection, basically a stream-based connection that allows two Chat applications to exchange data using Java input and output streams. A Chat server connection is created. After a server connection is created, the service is not yet available to external clients (it is not discoverable). What has happened is that JABWT created a corresponding ServiceRecord for this service. A ServiceRecord is a collection of attributes that describes our service, and these attributes are searchable by clients. We can use localDevice.getRecord( server ) to retrieve the newly created ServiceRecord. You may notice that the ServiceRecord is not empty at this point; it is already populated with some default values that are assigned by the JABWT implementation based on the connection string and the implementation configuration when we perform Connector.open(). The server.acceptAndOpen() method notifies the Bluetooth implementation that the application is ready to accept incoming connections and make the service available. This also instructs the underlying implementation to store the ServiceRecord object in the SDDB, which occurs when server.acceptAndOpen() is first invoked. Notice that only the attributes stored in the SDDB can be seen and queried by other Bluetooth clients. Any subsequent change to the ServiceRecord must be reflected in the SDDB by using localDevice.updateRecord(). Now our Chat application is ready to accept a connection. But what if your friends are already chatting prior to the start of your Chat? If there is an existing chat room available, Chat should join the existing network by searching for other Chat services on each individual device and connecting to their services. Three steps must be taken to perform this action. Search for an available device. For each available device, search for available and matching services. For each available and matching service, connect to the service and perform the initial handshake. DiscoveryAgent, another singleton in JABWT, can help us find other devices and services. There are two other options for retrieving connectable devices, a cached devices list and a pre known devices list. Cached devices are remote devices that have been discovered in a previous inquiry. Pre known are remote devices that are preconfigured in BCC. In our example, we choose to ignore both cached and pre known devices. We want to retrieve the most up-to-date list of active Chat devices at the moment Chat is launched. Therefore, our Chat application always initiates a new search for all surrounding devices. Devices can be searchable in two modes, General Inquiry Access Code (GIAC) and Limited Inquiry Access Code (LIAC). When a device is set to GIAC, it basically means I want to be discovered all the time. Devices that provide public and permanent services fall into this category. Printers and fax machines are examples of GIAC devices. On the other hand, LIAC discovery mode means I want to be discovered for a short period of time, as requested by my user. Devices that provide on-demand connectivity will fall into this category. Examples are multiple player game consoles, mobile modems, and our Chat program. The device discovery and service discovery processes are performed in an asynchronous manner. A Bluetooth application must provide a callback object for the JABWT implementation to notify when devices or services are found. This callback object implements the DiscoveryListener interface. When a device is found, the deviceDiscovered() method is invoked. We do some basic filtering to narrow down the candidate devices for our Chat application and ignore other unrelated devices. When all candidate devices are discovered, the device search is completed and the searchCompleted() method is invoked. We initiate the service discovery process using DiscoveryAgent .searchServices(). This is where the ServiceRecord attributes become useful. ServiceRecord is not only a description of the services, but also a query of constraints during service discovery. The second parameter of searchServices() allows us to specify which attributes and values the services must have in order for us to discover them. We can provide the UUID for the service that we registered earlier and it narrows down the exact matching candidate services on a remote device. This mechanism not only improves the performance of the discovery process, but also reduces the possibility of conflict. Once the desired service (Chat service) is found, we can retrieve the corresponding connection URL and establish the physical connection. To further validate that the connected service is indeed a Chat service, we immediately perform a handshake with the other party by sending a handshake signal (SIGNAL_HANDSHAKE) and exchanging the user screen name. Receiving parties must respond with an acknowledgment (SIGNAL_HANDSHAKE_ACK) to confirm the request.. To logically represent all the parties in the chat room, we introduce class EndPoint. From the application-level perspective, an endpoint encapsulates information for each actively connected Chat user and device. Chat uses EndPoint to identify which user to send a message to, and from which user a message is received. This abstraction allows us to hide the JABWT complexity from the GUI application. Endpoints are created when a connection is established between two Chat devices. Once created, we attach a reading thread and sending thread to the endpoint to manage the traffic between two endpoints. From this point on, two endpoints exchange user-entered messages (using SIGNAL_MESSAGE) until a termination signal is received. Implementation of this protocol can be found in the Reader and Sender classes. When a user exits Chat, the application sends the last message a termination token (SIGNAL_TERMINATE) to all connected parties. This token signals that the endpoint is no longer active. All receiving parties must return an acknowledgment (SIGNAL_TERMINATE_ACK) and remove the leaving endpoint from the active endpoint list. An endpoint can also be removed when the connectivity is dropped, which suggests the user has left the chat room without an explicit exit command (possibly due to a users walking away from the Bluetooth effective range). Our GUI, based on the MIDP LCDUI API, provides a simple interface to send and receive messages. All received messages from all connected users are displayed sequentially on the screen, which creates a virtual chat room environment. When there are more messages to display than can fit onto one screen, older messages will roll off the upper edge. In this example application, users are not able to scroll back to see the past messages. Pressing the Write command takes users to a message-editing mode. Pressing the Send command sends the currently entered message to the chat room; all other connected users are able to see the message. To quit the chat room, pressing the Exit command sends a termination token to all other parties. 1.5 Literature Survey There are a number of related research projects related to the music sharing. Their similarities and differences from our project are described as follows. tunA [TUNA, 2004], researched by Media Lab Europe is probably the closest relative of our system. It explored the possibilities of a system which enables people to share their music and to communicate with others nearby while they are on the go. tunA focuses on synchronized music sharing while our system focuses on personalized music sharing. Soundpryer [SOUNDPRYER, 2002], made by the Mobility Studio of the Interactive Institute in Sweden which focuses on a shared music experience between nearby cars and focuses on personal mobile music uses in urban settings. Unlike our system, Soundpryer does not include tight synchronization of that shared audio as part of their concept and implementation, and users do not choose which cars they are connected to. Sotto Voce [SottoVoice, 2002], a Xerox PARC project, is an electronic guidebook which attempts to promote a shared activity between museum visitors by allowing them to ‘eavesdrop on the descriptive audio passages that another is listening to. The system is a ‘hack in that no content is streamed all devices have identical local content. Bubbles [Bubbles, 2003], a Telenor RD project, is a mobile audio player that allows users to exchange audio files with nearby peers. It functions much like a mobile file trading application: Users swap files over HTTP but there is no infrastructure to join the audio experience among those users. Push!music [PUSH, 2005], a software developed on PDAs, which focuses on the concept of ‘media ecology, using agents to make songs migrate from one device to another in accordance to users music consumption habits. The methodology in â€Å"A peer to peer network file sharing system in mobile phones† is going to focus on mobile file sharing system. The mobile file sharing system allows users to share their resources like images, text, audio files without any aid of the central server. This system not only allows people to share their files to stranger but also identified the mobile devices in the mobile social network. CHAPTER II OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM 2.1 System Preliminary Design The Wireless Service subsystem will let mobile phones communicate with each other when they are in range. Since the devices use Bluetooth protocol which is a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough. There are three types of power class dependent with different ranges: 1 metre, 10 metres, 100 metres. The model that the Wireless Service subsystem uses for communication is a Client-Host architecture illustrated in figure. The role of a Host can communicate with up to 7 devices playing the role of a Client using Wireless Service Subsystem. The Host refers to Tune-in Host subsystem and Client refers to Tune-in Client subsystem. This network with a group of up to 8 devices (1 Host + 7 Clients) is called a piconet. A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network of devices using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow one host device to interconnect with up to seven active client devices (because a three-bit MAC address is used). Up to 255 further Client devices can be deactivated, or parked, which the Host device can bring into active status at any time. At any given time, data can be transferred between the Host and one Client, but the Host switches rapidly from Client to Client in a round-robin fashion. To set up a connection, a Client can would perform an inquiry to find any available device

The Sexist Prejudices Affecting Women in the House on Mango Street

The Sexist Prejudices Affecting Women in The House on Mango Street In my essay I am going to write about the Mexican gender based prejudices and stereotypes which affect the women of Esperanza’s neighborhood in Sandra Cisneros’s novel The House on Mango Street. I would like to point out the lives of the main women characters and their dealing with the prejudices in everyday occasions.Futhermore, I want to talk about Esperanza and her attitude towards the surrounding situation and also mention the historical background of the problem. From my point of view, the fact that the women come from the Mexican community has essentially influenced their lives. It has actually predetermined them in a way that the women are not able to set free for the rest of their lives. During the novel the reader gets to know some of the Mexican prejudices in relation to women which all the female characters have to face.The sexist prejudice is clear from having read few lines of the novel wher e Esperanza, the narrator, explains the meaning of her name with the connection to the Chinese signs of the zodiac, â€Å"I think this is a Chinese lie because the Chinese, like the Mexicans, don’t like their women strong† (Cisneros 10). This tells the reader one important fact. The Mexicans are proprietary towards their women and wives and they tries to take over the women’s lives. It is very difficult for the women coming from the Mexican community to live their own life themselves and to be independent of their social background.This observation is confirmed by Elizabeth Coonrod Martinez in her work on the relationships of women with men in the novels based on this phenomenon, â€Å"women characters do not initiate events in their own lives; instead they endure poverty and racism from the society at large and oppression under the men in their lives. They do not get to choose their spouses, and when they do pick a boyfriend, and get pregnant, they are conside red bad girls. They do not have choice-before or after marriage† (131). The author of the book gives a notion what the status of women in the Mexican community in the novel is.They are supposed to stay at home, preferably, â€Å"behind a rolling pin† (Cisneros 31). Moreover, many of the women are locked at home or cannot leave the house without their spouses’ permission. This fact is obvious at many times in the novel. At first, when Esperanza talks about her great-grandmother, she describes her as a woman that had spent all her life on her elbows by the window. At this point, where Esperanza describes her great-grand mother, she also says something about herself, â€Å"I don’t want to inherit her place by the window† (Cisneros 11).Later, this fact is emphasized by the story of the woman called Rafaela, whose fulfilment of the life is to sit by the window. As the narrator reports, â€Å"Rafaela, who is still young but getting old from leaning out t he window so much, gets locked indoors because her husband is afraid Rafaela will run away since she is too beautiful to look at† (Cisneros 79). The women are regarded as the property of their husbands or their fathers, never independent. In my oppinion, the situation is even made worse by the fact that the protagonists are living in the United States.The women maybe would have accepted this role if they had lived in Mexico, where they would not see any difference in other women’s lives. That is impossible for them now, to fit in the community rules that are expected to be obeyed. Instead, some women pretend to be a part of the traditional society on the one hand, but on the other, they are more American than Mexican. This is the case of Sally, a young Mexican girl from the community of Chicanos, with a strict father and brought up in a very strict, religious and tradionally Mexican family. Sally who must obey her father and accept his way of life and who wants to be an American.For a clearer explanation, her behaviour is described as follows, â€Å"and why do you always have to go straight home after school? You become a different Sally. You pull your skirt straight, you rub the blue paint off your eyelids. You don’t laugh, Sally. You look at our feet and walk fast to the house you can’t come out from† (Cisneros 82). This girl struggles with two different worlds but unfortunatelly, the vicious one for her wins. She becomes a part of the sad community of women who are locked at home and their only release is in their dreams.Sally’s fate is deteriorated due to the relationship with her father, who strikes her because she is a girl and her father wants to take over her life, â€Å"until the way Sally tells it, he just went crazy, he just forgot he was her father between the buckle and the belt. You’re not my daughter, you’re not my daughter. And then he broke into his hands† (Cisneros 93). The story a bout Sally is a typical example of the struggle. At the end, Sally gets married and her life turns out to be the same sad story. The narrator comments on this, â€Å"Except he [husband] won’t let her talk on the telephone.And he doesn’t let her look out the window. And he doesn’t like her friends, so nobody gets to visit her unless he is working. She sits at home because she is afraid to go outside without his permission† (Cisneros 102). Sally, like the rest of the women characters, ends up in this kind of relationship with her husband, even if she had the opportunity to escape from her fate, because if she had been more determined in her struggle, she would have succeed. The narration about Sally is important in the novel because it shows Esperanzas’ feelings towards the sexist and racial prejudices she lives in.Esperanza, as the narrator, gives the personal outlook on the women from her surroundings. Esperanza is the exception of all the women ch aracters in the novel. She is aware of the poor situation and even of a poorer shift from it. â€Å"Esperanza is handicapped by her Hispanic background and the family’s modest financial means† (Szadziuk 115). She observes the world around her and feels lonely in her feelings, nobody shares her thoughts, her ideas. She feels like the trees down the street and as she admits, â€Å"four who do not belong here but are here. Four raggedy excuses planted by the city† (Cisneros 74).Like a struggling tree, Esperanza copes with obstacles that would suppress her, and her inner strength will help her reach towards a better life. This young girl is the only women in the novel who is deeply determined to change her life, to set free and to be on her own. She might seem naive in her way of achieving it, â€Å"Not a flat. Not an appartment in back. Not a man’s house. Not a daddy’s. A house all my own† (Cisneros 108). Nevertheless, the escape from it will n ot be as easy as thought at first. Once is Esperanza told by her friend, â€Å"when you leave you must remember to come back for the others.A circle, understand? You will always be Esperanza. You will always be Mango Street. You can’t forget who you are† (Cisneros 105). The circle is closed and fulfilled. Even if Esperanza escapes, she will not be free of her background. In comparison with other women characters in the novel, Esperanza has the support of her family, especially the support of her mother who encourages her and her siblings to be determined and to be strong in gaining their dream. The mother’s support is based on her own life and unhappines, â€Å"shame is a bad thing, you know. It keeps you down.You want to know why I quit school? Because I didn’t have nice clothes. No clothes, but I had brains† (Cisneros 91). Mother who suffered from discrimination is now resolved to protect her children from having a similar experience. Unfortunate lly, Esperanza experiences some oppression anyway and she describes it, â€Å"Those who do not any better come into our neighborhood scared. They think we’re dangerous. They think we will attack them with shiny knives. They are stupid people who are lost and got here by mistake† (Cisneros 28). Little Esperanza learns about a hardship very early in her life.She does not understand it at first but afterwards she fully realizes what means the arrogant voice of nun who asks her where she lives. Esperanza, unaware of anything, points to her house. Just later she realizes how important for her is to escape from this social oppression and racial discrimination and longs for her own house, a house she would not be ashamed of, a house she could point to when someone aks where she lives. Futhermore, the women characters and all Mexican immigrants living in the United States in general suffer from a particular feature typical of the immigrant community.Their poor situation is mad e worse by it. That is the homesickness. This is very difficult to explain because in this case it has a historical connection to 1848 when the former Mexican lands became American property and millions of Mexican citizens suddenly lived on American territory. For an illustration of this event: Chicanos and Chicanas have always been in New Mexico, Texas, California, Colorado, Illinois and other North American states. The Gonzalezes, the Dominguezes, the Garcias, the Fernandezes have lived in these states ever since they can remember.Their great, great grandmother had a house in San Antonio, or in San Diego, or in Sante Fe, long before 1836 and 1848 when these territories became American. (Poniatowska 39) From the citation of Elena Poniatowska it is obvious that the Mexicans are not initially responsible for the problems of the Mexican community in the United States nowadays. They miss their native country so they try to compensate the sorrow for living more culturally orthodox life abroad. In the novel, the problem of homesickness is portrayed mainly in the story of Mamacita, a mother of one of the inhabitants of Mango Street.Even if she is not a one of the descendants of the immigrant family but actually a Mexican citizen, Mamacita comes to Mango Street to live with her son, who sees his future in reaching the American dream. As she does not speak English, the difference between the Mexican and the American culture is much more visible. Mamacita represents the old, initial kind of immigrants, who long for going back to their native country whereas her son presents the young, Americanized population of the Mexican community. Two different worlds which can never be united.The reader learns more about it through the eyes of Esperanza, as she reports, â€Å"She sits all day by the window and plays the Spanish radio show and sings all the homesick songs about her country in a voice that sounds like a seagull† (Cisneros 77). Mamacita is unwilling to adjust a nd wants to go back to her native Mexico even if life can be harder and poorer there. Esperanza continues, â€Å"Ay, she says, she is sad. Oh he says, Not again. Cuando, cuando, cuando? She asks. Ay, caray! We are are home. This is home. Here I am and here I stay. Speak English.Speak English. Christ† (Cisneros 78). Mamacita and her son are examples of eternal fight for the unity of two different worlds which can never link up the gap between each other. In conlusion, the racial, gender based and social prejudices in the Mexican community in the novel are very essential. In every story the reader may see the stereotypes which affect the protagonists. Each of them deals with it differently but with the same result. They are not able to set themselves free from their social background and their origin pursues them all their life.Nonetheless, some of the women characters chose this way of living from their own choice, voluntarily. Specifically, the words of Elena Poniatowska poin t this out, â€Å"To say that Mexico abandoned its people would not be false, because Mexico abandons all poor Mexicans. The poor choose the American dream and the American way of life on the other side of the border, because they don’t see a future for themselves in their own country† (Poniatowska 41). Whether the immigrants have chosen to live on the margin of society in the foreign country of own accord or not, their cultural heritage follows them all the time.Works Cited Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. New York: Vintage, 1984. Martinez, Elizabeth Coonrod. â€Å"Crossing Gender Borders: Sexual Relations and Chicana Artistic Identity. † Melus 27. 1 (2002): 131-50. < http://lion. chadwyck. co. uk> Poniatowska, Elena. â€Å"Mexicanas and Chicanas. † Melus 21. 3 (1996): 35-42. Szadziuk, Maria. â€Å"Culture as Transition: Becoming a Woman in Bi-Ethnic Space. † Mosaic 32. 3 (1999): 109-30. < http://lion. chadwyck. co. uk>

European Studies Essays – Welfare State and the European Nations

Welfare State and the European Statesâ€Å"The phrase ‘welfare state’ was foremost used in the late thirtiess, to separate between the policies of the democracies and the war province of European dictators† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . From the late 19th century, characteristics of a public assistance province began emerge in parts of Western Europe. The first European state to set in topographic point a public assistance province was Germany in 1883. The so Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck introduced a compulsory national accident and illness insurance jurisprudence. The insurance was financed by province subsidy ( Spicker ) . A public assistance province is â€Å"a province where more than one half of all authorities outgos are devoted to societal policy, as opposed to the economic system, the armed forces, jurisprudence and order, substructure and other traditional maps of the state† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . Judt ( 2006 ) defines a public assistance province as a province which is chiefly concerned with distributing public assistance to its citizens. Such provinces spend the bigger proportion of their public outgos on public assistance. Get aid with your essay from our adept essay authors†¦ Harmonizing to Gough ( 2006 ) , welfare provinces in Europe were established during the Second World War. Their chief intent was to undertake the five evil giants that were confronting most of Europe at that clip. These immoralities included: Poverty: Because of the war, many people were ill, idle or widowed hence were hapless. Diseases: Despite many people being ill, they could non afford to seek intervention. Ignorance: At that clip, school-leaving age was 11. Most kids were forced to drop out of schools because they could non afford to pay fees. Sordidness: Majority of the population lived in hapless lodging installations ( slums ) because council houses were unequal. Idleness: As a consequence of the war, most people lost their occupations and became unemployed. The public assistance province was hence established to guarantee that kids stayed in school ; free medical intervention for all was introduced ; new council houses were built and more towns established to supply better lodging installations to the slum inhabitants and more industries were started to assist cut down the unemployment rate. There are several aims of a public assistance province. Equitable distribution of wealth and resources: Welfare provinces used progressive method of revenue enhancement aggregation whereby people with higher incomes paid more revenue enhancements and those with lower incomes paid less revenue enhancement. This method of revenue enhancement helped in reallocation of public money and shifting of resources from the resource-rich parts to resource-poor parts. This was effectual in accomplishing regional balance and in contracting the spread between the rich and the hapless ( Spicker, 2003 ) . Income and criterion of populating care: Peoples can temporarily or for good be rendered incapable participating in the labour market. This can be due to old age, or illness. This usually consequences in loss of income for themselves and their households. But in a public assistance province, income care was assured whether or non person was working. This was usually â€Å"achieved through a assortment of public insurance strategies, † ( Judt, 2006 ) . These included tax write-offs from an employee’s wage, parts made by the employers and the province. These tax write-offs and parts were deposited into an insurance fund from which persons were entitled to certain benefits, depending on the degree and the figure of parts made. These â€Å"insurance strategies covered unemployment, ill wage and old age pensions, † ( Gough, 2006 ) . Helping the deprived groups: public assistance provinces started plans to help those groups that were considered worse-off than others. Gough ( 2006 ) says that: For case, European states have taken specific steps to battle rural poorness ; support households with kids ; supply for re-training and early retirement in industrial job parts ; help particularly those with structural employment job ( the long-run and older unemployed ; youth unemployment ) . Provision of a public safety cyberspace was another aim of public assistance provinces. Welfare States ensured that each single enjoyed â€Å"a minimum degree of nice human being if no other resources are available, † ( Gough, 2006 ) . In the pre-industrial epoch proviso for such persons was chiefly done by â€Å"local charities, communities, nobleness oblige, and the churches †¦ on a much smaller scale† ( Gough ) . Most Welfare States used their public assistance policy as a signifier of economic administration. Harmonizing to Gough ( 2006 ) , â€Å"the economic systems of Continental Europe, frequently called organized market economic systems, are characterized by a more marked function for the authorities in the economic system †¦.† Unlike in other provinces, the different economic sectors were normally in harmoniousness instead than in competition with each other. This contributed to the overall economic organisation and stableness, and is the ground why such economic systems were frequently labeled ‘organized market economies.’ Welfare provinces put up policies aimed at poorness obliteration. Such plans included Medicaid and Aid to Families with Dependent Children ( AFDC ) . However, such plans were non popular among the bulk of the population because they merely served the marginalized people who comprised a smaller proportion of the population. The creative activity and development of the public assistance province followed different forms in each of the European states. The work forces behind the European public assistance province shared Keynes’s position which he voiced before his decease in 1946. Keynes said that â€Å"after the World War II, there would be a craving for societal and personal security in Europe. And there was. The public assistance province was constructed chiefly as a security revolution instead than a societal revolution, † ( Judt, 2006 ) The German public assistance system was based on the three chief rules. The first 1 was â€Å"subsidiarity.† This rule holds that â€Å"services should be decentralized or independently managed† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . The function of the province was limited merely to countries which could non be covered by other agencies like military services. In Germany, high income earners were non covered by the chief societal insurance system ; they were left to do their ain determinations. Economic development was another rule environing the German public assistance system. Provision of societal services was based on this rule. This was clearly apparent in â€Å"the close relationship of services to people’s place in the labour market. Social benefits were earnings-related, and those without work records found that they were non covered for of import contingencies† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . Additionally, the state’s disbursement on public assistance had to be straight related to the rule of economic development and growing. Welfare province in Germany was originally established by Chancellor Otto Von Bismarck who introduced the rule of ‘corporatist structure’ . Harmonizing to Spicker, 2003: This rule was developed by Bismarck on the footing of bing common assistance associations, and remained the footing for societal protection later. Social insurance, which covered the costs of wellness, some societal attention and much of the income care system, was managed by a system of independent financess. The Gallic system of public assistance was regarded as the most generous public assistance system. It involved proviso of a broad scope of societal services, rendering it really complex and expensive to keep it. In France, the public assistance system was â€Å"based on the rule of solidarity, † which was declared in the first article of the Gallic Code of Social Security ( Spicker, 2003 ) . However, the term â€Å"solidarity† was equivocal and was used in different fortunes to intend different things. To some people, solidarity referred to cooperative common support whereby people who benefited from national public assistance strategies were expected to lend on an equal footing. To others, solidarity meant mutualist relationships, â€Å"common action, common duty and shared risks† ( Spicker, 2003 ) . The Swedish Welfare System was viewed as an ideal signifier of public assistance province. The system offered institutional attention in that it offered â€Å"a cosmopolitan minimum† ( Judt, 2006 ) . Like all public assistance provinces, the Swedish authorities offered benefits to the unemployed, the ill people, and retired citizens. However, for a long clip this public assistance system was non efficaciously practiced because as Judt ( 2006 ) says, â€Å"the Swedish population had a strong tradition of entrepreneurship and difficult work and continued to work hard even though they now had the option to populate off government.† However, with clip, people adapted to the public assistance system. The public assistance province of the United Kingdom was established by William Beveridge in 1942. The purpose of the province was to control the societal jobs that British citizens were confronting due to the effects of the Second World War. The authorities took the duty of supplying for its people. This policy resulted in high authorities outgo and an addition in the state’s cardinal duties. In add-on to the proviso of the basic services ( instruction, wellness, lodging and employment ) the province besides increased â€Å"regulation of industry nutrient and redistributive taxation† ( Gough, 2006 ) . Most Welfare States did non last long because of assorted grounds. The first major ground was the nature of revenue enhancement and the salary construction. In most public assistance provinces, the societal benefits and wages for the low-skilled workers were among the highest in the universe, whereas those for the high-skilled workers were lower comparison to those of other states. Additionally, the high-skilled workers paid much higher revenue enhancements than the low–skilled workers. This attracted more low-skilled workers into these provinces, going a load to the Welfare State. The issue of in-migration besides led to the prostration of the public assistance province. Because of the societal benefits a public assistance province offered, it attracted people from the low income states. Fjordman ( 2006 ) notes that â€Å"†¦ they experienced †¦ decomposition with the debut of mass in-migration of individuals who did non hold the cultural background necessary to continue the public assistance state.† Last, the nature of the services that a public assistance province provided contributed to its prostration. Education and wellness services particularly are â€Å"ones on which people wish to pass more money as they become richer. Old age and retirement pensions imply that the authorities would hold to pass more as the population ages† ( Fjordman, 2006 ) . Because of this, the ratio of public disbursement to Gross Domestic Product was high and it became practically impossible to run into all the societal demands of its citizens. Mentions Fjordman, C.The Welfare State: The Root of Europe’s Problems. The Brussels Journal. 2006, March 08 Gough, I.European Welfare States: Explanations and Lessons for Developing States. University of Bath hypertext transfer protocol: //64.233.169.104/search? Judt, T.The Future of Decadent Europe. The Globalist. 2006, June 02. Spicker, P. The Welfare State.Centre for Public Policy and Management: Robert Gordon University hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.rgu.ac.uk/publicpolicy/introduction/wstate.htm